PROFESSIONAL ISLAMOPHOBIA: A RESURGENCE OF MEDIEVAL ANTI-MUSLIM STEREOTYPES

Islamophobia is an irrational fear or prejudice towards Islam Muslims. It can manifest itself in many ways, including but not limited to discrimination against Muslims employment, the media, education, and everyday life; hate speech crimes Muslims; exclusion of from public sphere. a form bigotry racism. rooted ignorance misinformation about Islamophobes often falsely conflate with terrorism, extremism, violence. This despite fact that vast majority terrorist attacks worldwide are carried out by non-Muslims. growing problem around world. In countries, it on rise. due part increase anti-Muslim rhetoric political leaders media. The following research articles conducts historical analysis phenomenon effort establish modern day Islamophobes— specifically, Daniel Pipes, Pamela Geller, Robert Spencer—rely stereotypes Middle Ages when crafting their Islamophobic narrative.